Essay on School Uniforms - 1047 Words

School Uniforms The issue of whether or not school uniforms are a necessity in today’s society has been a long standing debate. However, it did not come onto the national scene until 1996 when then President Bill Clinton spoke of the matter in his annual State of the Union Address. Citing the Long Beach city school district in California, Clinton spoke of the positive effects of uniform implementation, including: decreased drug cases, sex offenses, violent crimes and fights. Jessica Portner, a writer for Education Week, agreed with President Clinton in her February 14, 1996 article entitled â€Å"Uniforms Get Credit for Decrease in Discipline Problems.† Using statistical evidence from the aforementioned Long Beach school system†¦show more content†¦However, this lawsuit is frivolous from Portner’s vantage point because, as she points out, most school districts do indeed provide the parents with the opportunity to waive the requirement. Furthermore, if one goes to Wal-Mart, a pair of dark dress slacks and a white oxford shirt will run around $25. Local charities have also pitched in, at least in the Long Beach community. All in all, Portner paints a portrait with little doubt of the exigency for school uniforms. However, not everyone is in agreement with Mr. Clinton and Ms. Portner. One such individual is Karon Jahn, who spoke at the 78th Convention of the Speech Communication Association. Jahn’s argument is principally centered on infringement of the 1st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Jahn creates proper pathos with her plea that one’s body and appearance are the most personal and unique aspects of one’s personality. It is inherently important for one to be able to create their identity and image argues Jahn. Appearance is how first impressions of individuals are made. This nonverbal communication is an essential part in the relationship determining process. Jahn’s best source comes in the form of legal support of freedom of speech in past cases. However, the Supreme Court has not ruled on the issue of school uniforms. Instead, it lets the states decide if there is a need for uniforms or not. Jahn pointsShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniforms And Schools Uniforms1211 Words   |  5 PagesSchool uniforms began their revolution in private schools; they represented a unique appearance, and provided a safe environment for the students attending. Private and Catholic schools were clever enough for implementing school uniforms, because without their influence public schools would have not adapted on creating a dress code for students. By introducing school uniforms in school policies they have managed to impact students learning environment in reducing stress, changing students’ behaviorRead MoreUniforms in School726 Words   |  3 PagesThe standard issue school uniform of khaki, navy and white once exclusive to the private parochi al institutions is becoming a common requirement in public schools across the nation. This trend that was first suggested for public schools in 1980 by then D. C. mayor, Marion Barry, to help diminish the social stigma of low income students has grown significantly in both numbers and reasons (Lawrence, 2013). In 2010, it was reported by the National Center for Education Statistics, that nearly 19% ofRead MoreSchools and Uniforms733 Words   |  3 PagesSchool Uniforms Uniforms in schools are a big debate around the world. Should we have uniforms in schools? The answer is yes because uniform help the schools. They bring to table a great deal of help because students are getting bullied, killed, and some may not have as much as other when shopping for clothes. Having uniforms bring safety to schools and what goes on after school. Why do we need uniforms? Most student have their own style, but a common argument against school uniforms is thatRead MoreSchool Uniform And School Uniforms937 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Uniform School uniforms keep students focused on their education not in their clothings. When all students are wearing the same outfit, they are less concerned about how they look and how they fit in with their peers. It’s easier for parent and students do not spend time choosing appropriate outfit for school day. It helps students can only concentrate on their schoolwork. Education is one of the big institutions for every kid that go to school. Also education is the roots that will help peopleRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Schools Uniforms819 Words   |  4 Pagesas school uniforms, many are quick to deem them as unjust and avoidable. What these individuals do not know is that, in fact, school uniforms would enhance how the learning environment functions. Surely, when schools provide their students with uniforms, they are not providing their students with dreadful apparel, they are providing their students with an opportunity to change; whether it be a chance for a student to change t heir role academically, or a chance for a student to fit in. School uniformsRead MoreSchool Uniforms1143 Words   |  5 PagesSchool uniforms make things more complicated Firstly, school is the place where all of us step in at a very tender age. In one word, life begins at school. It’s not just education but school gives us the platform to nurture our faith, emotions in such an early stage of life. The importance of making friends, working as a team- we learn all these in school. And wearing the same dress definitely brings a sense of unity among students. In every school there are students from different backgrounds butRead MoreSchool Uniforms: Yes or No?2109 Words   |  9 Pages3 March 2011 School Uniforms: A Non-Military Proposal for Swedens Students The word school uniform has negative connotations for many people. It makes them think of war, of soldier, of death, brainwashed airheads doing exactly the same as everybody else. It makes them think of reformed, collectivized groups of people with no personal identity. There are, however, reasons for the existence of the uniform; one of them being, as the name suggests, the purpose of uniting. At schools all around theRead MoreDress Codes And School Uniforms1248 Words   |  5 Pagesembarrassing than being dress coded at school? Enforcing a dress code among children is unfair because it not only discriminates against people but it destroys someone’s whole day. Dress codes and school uniforms are meant to increase student achievement and make everyone equal but instead it only hurts people. Most school dress codes are unnecessary and are sexist. Enforcing dress codes is suppose to boost student achievement but instead is racist, sexist and unnecessary. Schools should take in to considerationRead MoreShould School Uniforms For Wear Uniforms?969 Words   |  4 Pagesrequired to wear uniforms? In today’s society this is a very controversial subject across America. Many object uniforms because they feel uniforms don t allow students to have the freedom to express themselves the way they want. People feel uniforms undermine children s individuality. However, taking into consideration facts from both sides, what remains most important is the child s academics. To improve academics, schools should require all students to wear a uniform. Though uniforms may not be theRead MoreAre School Uniforms Beneficial Or Not?1098 Words   |  5 PagesAre School Uniforms Beneficial or Not? How does dressing and feeling the same as everybody else sound? Would it be enjoyable, or would it be no fun? According to Procon.org, the first recorded use of school uniforms in the United States was in 1994. In Europe around the early sixteenth century, school uniforms were made to tell the difference between poor students to the charity schools as opposed to other children. In London people thought that schools without uniforms were to be looked at as lower

Poetry Essay - There Is No Frigate Like a Book - 849 Words

Thesis: In the poem â€Å"There is No Frigate like a Book† Emily Dickinson’s use of figurative language, sound devices and denotation and connotation show us how literature allows use of our imagination to go on a journey. At first glance it may seem that Emily Dickinson has written a simple poem in â€Å"There Is No Frigate like a Book†. However, further analysis reveals that she believes reading is a gift to all. Through observation of the poem we find her fascination with reading and the poem’s ability to take her reader on a journey; as well as reveal how reading can take us on any journey we wish to embark. The theme of the poem is that when we use our imagination while reading anything is possible, even travel to distant lands. The†¦show more content†¦Our imaginations are ignited as we consider what sights, sounds or smells are found on a ship. When we allow ourselves to go on this imaginary ship we are taken on a journey in our minds that allow us to experience the gift of reading and engaging our imagination at the same time. Throughout the poem the comparison of traveling and literature show how anything is possible, even traveling to distant lands, when using our imagination and reading literature. In line two there is reference to a book taking us â€Å"lands away† and seems to make the point that a book is the only mode of transportation that can do that. There is further evidence that Dickinson wants us to see that literature is the best means of travel in line five of the poem where we read â€Å"This Traverse may the poorest take†. In this line we can find that regardless of financial status traveling is unlimited when reading literature. Finally, there is excitement in the upbeat style of writing used as she reveals where literature can take us. There is some form of transportation used in every other line of the poem and the implication that books can take you the same places transportation does. In order to further understand how this poem reveals there are journey’s to be taken through literature we have to look at the use of denotation and connotation in its writing. DenotationShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinson : A Lover Of Nature1384 Words   |  6 Pagesherself outside with a good book. Always having a love for reading, Emily explains what happens to her whenever she reads a book, in her poem â€Å"A Book†; in fact, her poem talks about the nature of someplace new, that only the reader of the book can see. â€Å"A Book† talks about taking the reader on adventures to distant lands far away, especially in the line: â€Å"There is no frigate like a book† (Dickinson, â€Å"A Book† l.1). This means that there is no better way to travel than a book. It is said that it willRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesburden of the Puritan past Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · literary tale character sketch slave narratives, political novels poetry transcendentalism Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · helps instill proper gender behavior for men and women fuels the abolitionist movement allow people to re-imagine the American past Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · expansion of magazines, newspapers, and book publishing slavery debates Gothic period of American Literature - 1800-1850 Gothic is a sub-genre ofRomanticism Content:

Streaming Live Interactive Audio And Video â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Streaming Live Interactive Audio And Video? Answer: Introduction Live streaming technology is normally applied to output live programs like concerts, sports, and more other radio and TV events that are relayed live. Live streaming is the action of transmitting media to mobile devices and computers in real time or live. The main concern in media streaming to a browser is relaying a document created on the fly because it lacks pre-driven start or end contrary to playing a finite document or media. Streaming Tools KeyCDN Tools- These tools offer a group of online selections to evaluate website or recognize issues that comprehend connectivity. The tools simplify the process of the problem resolution of web projects. Some of the benefits of KeyCDN tools are; speed evaluation of website access in various locations, provision of geographically related data for the provided hostname, provision of HTTP response header details, and network and security checks. [1] Cloudflare application- Cloudflare Apps simplifies the identification and usage of the tool to individuals owning a website. Some of the benefits associated with the installation of Cloudflare includes; allowing the users to watch the content live without installing any software, provision of alternatives with clear guidelines on the configuration and customization of the application user interface, showcasing the application to many audience, demonstration of app with custom-built links on websites to show previews and delivering of new updates and releases to users apps. [2] Akamai- offers market-greatest, cloud-based tool and aids in developing mobile and web applications, safe e-commerce and online HD video. Putting together highly-dispersed, energy-effective computing with smart software, global platform of Akamai is completely changing the cloud into a more reasonable place to advertise, inform, collaborate, entertain and transact. [3] Streaming Protocols The following are some of the protocols that serve adaptive streams; HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the most regularly advocated protocol that aids in transferring media live or on-demand content. RTMP- Real Time Messaging Protocol is a solution protocol created by Macromedia and sustained by the Adobe Flash link. Some of the types of RTMP are; RTMPE, RTMPS, and RTMPT. RTSP-Real Time Streaming Protocol masters media programs between terminals and is often used along with Real-time Control Protocol and Real-time Transport Protocol for delivery of media stream. Applying RTCP and with RTP facilitates adaptive streaming. [4] Metrics related to performance of audio and video transfer and sharing There are several factors that contribute to quality video, audio, and sharing of application. This includes the environment, devices used, and the network connectivity. Devices- In a Real-Time media program, media capturing and interpretation gadgets that all users use like web cams and headsets have a great effect on the general video and audio quality. Devices of Lower quality will generate low sound and image quality for audio and video respectively. Accredited devices, however, aids video resolution, echo cancellation, latency reduction and noise filtering. [5] It is crucial to introduce some levels of latency for media devices streaming real-live media. As such, it greatly impacts and enhance general latency and the consumers experience. Environment- this is another factor for video and audio quality. Users communicating in a noisy area will experience echo, unclear and muffled sounds. Bright and clear image for quality video wont be produced if the user is situated in a low light or a dark area. In a colloquium room set up, the locality of the video gadgets and microphone have a direct effect on the audio and video quality that users will receive. [2] Network- the value of connectivity of the network greatly influences the value of live media over IP network, but particularly by the level of Latency. This network procreation delay is importantly connected to the width of the two points and the velocity of light, inclusive of the additional overhead captured by several routers in between. Latency is calculated as RTT (Round-trip Time). [3] Packet Loss also impacts the quality of real-tie media. This is normally described as an allotments of packets lost in a specific window of time. Packet loss impacts sound quality from little personal lost packets having little effect, to adjacent blast losses that bring about full audio cancellation. Inter-packet jitter also impacts the real-time media quality. It is the average variation in downtime across successive packets. A participant will only observe effects when the jitter surpasses the buffering. Deploying Quality of Service among clogged networks- In addition, traffic crowdedness over a network will highly influence media quality. To aid video and audio packets to transmit the network faster and to be on the first line up over other network jam in a crowded network, Quality of Service can be utilized to assist in provision of an optimal consumer experience for video and audio interactions. [2] QoS offers a way for assigning higher lead to network packets that transports video and audio information. As such, communication of audio and video is likely to commute over the network quicker, and with less interference, than network programs having things like database backups, document transfers, or web browsing. That's the reason as to why the network packets applied for document transfers or backups of database automatically are allocated best effort as the first line up and network over crowdedness won't have as big effect. If you fail to assign a high priority to the media packets and assign them as best effort, they will be prepared with the rest network traffic. In reliance to the amount of network overcrowding, it will eventually lead to a lower quality users experience of audio and video. [6] Cisco organization was seasoned with high growth in the mid of 1990s and therefore te organization was forced to research on innovative means and processes to quickly and bearably maintain the heightened needs for cross-team communication and training. Also during that time there as was insufficiency of expert IT employees, technology was evolving rapidly and there was more pressure globally due to these facts. [7] The swift developments were coupled with expanding requirements and needs to disperse knowledge and information through the entire organization. Conventional classroom teaching and communication channels were no growing to meet the needed output and thus Cisco administration saw the need to come up with a quick fix to address this issue that would enhance the firms competitive advantage and reputation. In essence, information and communication technology was required to collect business requirements for the firms communications, design and develop a solution and guidelines on implementation within the employee dispersed stations. The objective as to improve productivity which included: direct and on time intercommunication for the executive, finalization and access to standard and regulations on training conformity. Ensuring that the sales force is frequently updated on emerging and new technologies and products and sanctioning constant product updates, training and announcements. Global Cisco stakeholders including customers, partners and employees knew the benefits and essence of communication technology to address these objectives. The outcome was a powerful enterprise couple with growing demands for multimedia business fixes. Problem Challenge In reaction to the extant requirements for expansive scale training the Cisco media network was designed and developed. In just one moment, the organization needed the capability to administer technical education to a thousands of system engineers and sales account managers. Furthermore, the company had to offer similar training to about 25000 distribution channel partners with over 400000 employees in different locations across the globe and 35000 workers. An increasingly big sophisticated device portfolio and advancing schedules enhanced the training scope complexity. It was vivid that conventional classroom-based learning, which forced man students to travel, costly and almost not possible with the current time and resources allocated. Proposed Solution To address these challenges, and enhanced media explication able to deliver various contents including, verbal lab access, video, and audio, was provided and make sure that content access platforms were developed. [7] The following are the steps in user centric design approach: Identify the need; it is necessary to identify the need to come up with a solution to address the problem at hand. Context of use: determine the users of the product, for what purpose are they using and the circumstances under which they will utilize it. Requirement specification: determine the needs and objectives of the consumers of the product in order to come up with the best solution. Design solutions: this stage can be done in modules from an idea to a full design. Evaluation: this is done by conducting user acceptance testing to find out if the system or solution meets the user objectives. Figure 1: User Centric Design Concentration on multimedia mirrored largely embraced model of training and learning; typically, human being remember 50% of what they hear and see, 10% of the read content and 20% of the heard content. The emerging quick fix enabled the experts of subject matter and authors of content an environment to create multimedia content which enables secure and easy access of such content worldwide by channel partners and cisco workers. [8] A key module of the elementary multimedia technique entailed streaming live video for on-demand content and live events. The video technique which offered exceptional flexibility for extending learning to global congregations was made possible by the content networking products belonging to Cisco. The project expanded beyond the limits of e-learning to adopt the entire array of business intercommunication with the IT team going on with collecting extra business needs. Evolution of the firm to combine data, audio and video IP network was critical to allowing video streaming solutions structured to meet the fulfilled and wide assortment of business communication needs. [9] Videoconferencing The number of virtual conferences have surpassed that of physical or in-person conference since the year 2003 at Cisco. Videoconferences currently transcend 9000 hours every year thats approximately 200 meetings. This has helped in increasing productivity, enhancing efficiency, saving time and cutting travel costs which has led to increased demand and use. [9] IP Video Telephony This helps in supporting video-enhanced intercommunication. The combined framework has led to voice service comparable to video with regard to cost effectiveness, eased usability, ease of deployment and enhanced administration. [10] Web Conferencing Cisco Unified MeetingPlace application offers global access to web conferencing from common-based interfaces. Web conference, voice and video functions can be controlled by the user from solitary interface. The ability to see who is in the conference, the people talking, use of whiteboards, record and playback meetings and conducting elections aids in improving user productivity. Furthermore, conference participants can manage their own interfaces Conference users can control their own interfaces. [11] Conclusion Streaming live and interactive audio has several advantages including: it is very engaging, one can reach out to larger audience in different geographical locations, one can control the content, leads to longer-view-time compared to on-demand video content, some platforms like Hangouts on Air enables audience to share the content, real statistics of the performance of the content can be mined as it airs However, it has some drawbacks including: the user has to know his/her audience to determine whether the content would suit them, some cost has to be incurred like buying bandwidth, and also there are several technological factors that have to be considered like the type of platform to use, and whether the platform needs encoding, can the content be accessed via mobile devices and so on References M. W. Allen, Michael Allen's e-learning annual 2012, San Francisco, Calif: Pfeiffer, 2012. T. Ma, Y. H. Lee and M. Ma, "QoS provisioning by power control for video communication via satellite links," Communication and networking, vol. 33, p. 259275, 2015. K. K. Hausman and S. L. Cook, IT architecture for dummies, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. ; Chichester, 2011. S. Loreto and S. P. Romano, Real-time communication with WebRTC, Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media, 2014. D. Minoli, Linear and non-linear video and TV applications using IPv6 and IPv6 multicast : deploying the infrastructure to deliver evolving next-generation TV and video services, Hoboken: Wiley, 2012. S. Cornelius, C. Gordon and J. Schyma, Live online learning : strategies for the web conferencing classroom, New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. C. Wei and H. Zhang, "Journal of Software Engineering and Applications," Applications of a Streaming Video Server in a Mobile Phone Live Streaming System., vol. 7, L. A. Tomei, Online and distance learning : concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications, Hershey, Pa: Information Science Reference, 2008. B. RAMESH and D. MANJULA, "International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences," CA-AODV: Congestion Adaptive AODV Routing Protocol for Streaming Video in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 1, pp. 322-328, 2008. . A. Chou and M. v. d. Schaar, Multimedia over IP and wireless networks : compression, networking, and systems, Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2007. Streaming Protocols Education Press, 2012. D. Wimble, The Indie Bible : 15th Edition (2014), Cork: BookBaby, 2014. . A. Peters, Library programs online : possibilities and practicalities of Web conferencing, Santa Barbara, Calif: Libraries Unlimited, 2009. C. Duhujamahoro, C. Twizere, P. Mazimpaka, T. O. Shema and N. Pascal, "Analysis of the Effects of Rainfall Intensity into the Performance of Video Conferencing," World Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, pp. 71-81, 2016. H. Yuan and H. Du, "The Design and Implementation of Qt-based Cross-platform Video Conferencing Remote Control," Communications and Network, 5,, vol. 5, pp. 73-77, 2013. S. Chand, "Communications and Network," Live Video Services Using Fast Broadcasting Scheme, vol. 2, pp. 79-85, 2010.

Shangqing an Example of the Topic School by

Shangqing by Expert writer-Eloquence | 23 Dec 2016 Taoism and its Development through Shangqing and Lingbao Schools Like all other religions, Taoism has organized groups or sects developed that developed through its inception many years ago. These sects employed practices such as alchemy, faith-healing, sorcery, and the use of power objects, which seem to have existed from ancient times in China, converting them into institutionalized and distinctive social movements with detailed rituals, clergy, and revealed texts. This institutionalization of ancient practices developed as the Han dynasty (206 B.C.220 A.D.) was declining amidst famine and war. Need essay sample on "Shangqing" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed An array of revelations and prophecies predicted the end of the age and finally led to the rise of religious/political organizations. For example, Kan Ji received a visionary revelation that yin and yang were no longer in balance in heaven or on earth, for the rulers had forgotten to follow the ways of nature, and that in 184 A.D. the blue heaven of the Han would be replaced by the yellow heaven. Thus, the Celestial Masters church, which is chronologically the first to develop a structure is treated in the outset, but continues to exist down to our day. In the Celestial Masters church, two traditions developed: The Shangqing (Highest Clarity) tradition took shape during the fourth century A.D., but its glory years were under the Tang (618-907) and the Lingbao (Sacred Treasure) sect emerged a little later, gave birth to an immense body of ritual that incorporated part of that of the Celestial Masters, and then grew even larger under the Sung (960-1279). The movement toward consolidation that took place under the Tang and the influence from Buddhism, which came in during the same period, actually had their beginnings much earlier, in the fourth and fifth centuries (Robinet, 1997, p. 2). Shangqing school began with a revelation from the Heaven of Highest Clarity received by the medium Yang Xi in 364-70. Yang Xi was a member of a southern aristocratic clan, and the new scriptures and insights into the realms of the otherworld transmitted to him remained at first limited to this select group. Highest Clarity in its teaching combined the new visions with the practices of the alchemy as they were continued in the south and specifically associated with a family named Ge. Shangqing practice was highly inpidual and aimed at transferring the practitioner into the realms of the immortals, first by visualizations, then by ecstatic journeys, and finally through the ingestion of a highly poisonous alchemical elixir (Seidel, 1983). Shangqing believers looked down on the Celestial Master tradition and its sexual rituals as crude, and they avoided village rituals and commoners. Instead, they focused on personal immortality through meditations for purifying the body with pine energies so as to rise up to heaven in broad daylight (Lopez, 1996). Although the Highest Purity Taoism did not reach the mass of the people, its texts and influence continue to be revered today as the elite tradition of Taoism. A few decades after the Shangqing revelations, Ge Chaofu, a member of the Ge family, proceeded to develop his own vision of the otherworld. Calling his new understanding Sacred Treasure (Lingbao), he integrated the Shangqing scriptures with Han dynasty thinking, Buddhist cosmology and doctrine, as well as the magico-technical practices transmitted within his family. The new group of scriptures, compiled from the last decade of the fourth century onward, soon became widespread and very popular. Much simpler than the practice of Shangqing, Lingbao (Sacred Treasure) required merely the recitation of its scriptures and participation in its rites to guarantee a place among the perfected. Since only initiates were allowed to own the necessary documents and join the ceremonies, the group placed a high emphasis on secrecy and the proper transmission of the scriptures (Bokenkamp, 1989). With the Lingbao movement spreading, Taoism emerged for the first time as an organized religion of all China, expanding vastly over the limited sphere of influence of the Celestial Masters. Copying readily from the fast-growing Buddhist community, Taoists in the fifth century built the first monasteries of their own, compiled their first catalogues and canons of scriptures, and established proper rank and file among their membership. Throughout the sixth century, scriptures continued to be received in revelation and compiled by human beings; commentaries and discourses grew. Soon also the first encyclopedias were collected, and there appeared the first statues and pictural representations of Taoist gods. The Tang dynasty (618-906) saw the heyday of Taoist splendor and influence. The leading church of China, especially in the eighth century, Taoism with Shangqing at the top continued to produce scriptures, texts and art works and gained an ever increasing influence on the political scene of the day. The great splendor of courtly Taoists was matched by the high spiritual attainments of masters on isolated mountains. The widespread impact throughout the country was enhanced by the political support of the Tang rulers, who claimed descent from Laozi himself (Benn, 1991). As Lingbao improved the Shangqing traditions, it assimilated many elements of Buddhism, creating a medley of new meditation practices, pine beings, rituals, scriptures, heavens, rebirth, and hells. This tradition was in turn succeeded in the twelfth century by Quanzhen (Complete Perfection), which has been the dominant monastic school ever since. It unites Taoist inner alchemy with Chan Buddhist meditation and Confucian social morality, harmonizing the three religions. Actively monastic, it focuses on meditation and non-attachment to the world. Today its major center is the White Cloud Monastery in Beijing, the headquarters of the government-approved Chinese Taoism Association. Quanzhen, also called as the Modern Taoism is also the foundation for most Hong Kong Taoist temples and martial arts groups. The many revealed scriptures of Taoist movements were occasionally compiled and canonized by the court. The present Taoist canon was compiled in 1445. Containing about 1,500 sophisticated scriptures, it has only recently begun to be studied by non-Taoist scholars. It includes a wealth of firsthand accounts by mystical practitionerspoems of their visionary shamanistic journeys, encounters with deities, advanced meditation practices, descriptions of the perfected human being, methods and elixirs for ascending to heavenly realms and achieving immortality, and descriptions of the Immortals and the heavenly bureaucracies (Lopez, 1996). The rituals and inner cultivation practices of the canon are in use today, typically in one of two modes: rites of cosmic renewal for the living, and rituals to be employed after death. At death either Taoist or Buddhist priests may be hired by private families to perform rituals to help the deceased appear before the Ten Hell Judges, as well as to join in communal rituals of grave-cleaning in April and of universal liberation and feeding of hungry ghosts in August. Every temple has a side shrine to Tu-ti Kung, Lord of the Earth, who can transport offerings to deceased loved ones. All forms of Taoist practice are still actively undertaken today, both in communist mainland China and Chinese communities elsewhere, and also increasingly in the West. They tend to merge with popular religion, New Age philosophies, and health culture. In China, they form part of domestic and family religion. To the present day, there are numerous rituals in the home, such as the farewell party to the stove god on the lunar New Years Eve (late January or February). Also, both Taoist and Buddhist groups continue to be recipients of new revelations and scriptures. These texts, which are known as precious scrolls, emanate from deities such as the Golden Mother of the Celestial Pool. It is believed that in the past the pine Mother sent Buddha and Lao-tzu as her messengers but that now the crisis of the present world requires her direct intervention (Kohn, 2001). In an article, Oldstone-Moore (27 September 2003) analyzed that the impact of Taoism on Chinese culture has been profound. As seen in the art of calligraphy, the most highly valued Chinese art form; it shows the balance between mastery of pattern and artless spontaneity. Landscape paintings reflect Taoist ideas of the human relationship to nature, where humans are a small part of a landscape. Also, Oldstone-Moore said that the Taoist sensibility is reflected in associated practices, such as feng shui or geomancy, in which graves, buildings and interiors are arranged to absorb auspicious forces and to repel the malignant - thus improving one's fortune. It is reflected in the balance of yin and yang in Chinese cooking. Taoist principles mirror the techniques of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as practices such as t'ai-chi ch'uan and the martial arts (Oldstone-Moore, 27 September 2003). Historically, whenever the central Chinese government has been strong, it has tended to demand total allegiance to itself as a pine authority and to challenge or suppress competing religious groups. The emperors of ancient China either claimed pine origin or referred to themselves as the Sons of Heaven appointed from on high. Confucian scholars were suppressed and their books were burned by the Chin dynasty (221206 B.C.), shamans were forbidden during the Han dynasty, Buddhists were persecuted during the Tang dynasty, the Tai-ping rebellion of the nineteenth century attempted to purge China of Taoism and Buddhism, and during the Cultural Revolution of 1966 to 1976, zealous young Red Guards destroyed Taoist, Buddhist, and Confucian temples and books (Kohn, 2001). With the economic liberalization of the late twentieth century in mainland China, in spite of an atheistic communist ideology, temples maintained as historic sites, pilgrimages to temples in natural sites and religious tourism were encouraged, and an explosion of temple building occurred. Indeed, the Chinese have learned to co-exist with their persity of religions, as their ancient religious traditions, like Shangqing and Lingbao, have evolved into an important social force that is vital in Chinas modernization drive today. Bibliography Benn, C.D. 1991. The Cavern Mystery Transmission: A Taoist Ordination Rite of A.D. 711. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Bokenkamp S. R. 1989. Death and Ascent in Lingbao Taoism. Taoist Resources, 1(2):1-21. Kohn, L. 2001. Daoism and Chinese Culture, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Three Pines Press. Lopez, D.S. 1996. Religions of China in Practice, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Oldstone-Moore, J. 2003, September 27. Eastern path to western harmony. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2006, from The Guardian Unlimited Website http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1050715,00.html Robinet, I. (1997). Taoism: Growth of a Religion (Brooks, P., Trans.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Seidel, A. 1983. Imperial Treasures and Taoist Sacraments: Taoist Roots in the Apocrypha, in M. Strickmann, ed., Tantric and Taoist Studies, Brussels: Institut Beige des Hautes tudes Chinoises: 291-371.

Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School Essay Example

Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School Essay Example Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School Paper Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School Paper Essay Topic: High School Background of the Study Soap is an indispensable cleansing agent, assisting people to maintain themselves and their milieus clean. When soap is assorted with H2O, it forms a soapsuds that washes out soil and lubricating oil for better than H2O entirely. Soap can be made on a little graduated table in the place or small town cheaply and easy. The chief ingredients are fats and lye both of which can be made from stuffs found through out the universe. Making soap at place is practical when there is waste fat or oil and when there is no inexpensive beginning of soap. Because of this, the research workers though of happening ways in using Psidium littorale in doing place made soap that can replace commercial soap. Alternatively of purchasing anti-bacterial commercial soap we can utilize place made guava soap. The Psidium littorale was chosen as a replacement ingredient for anti-bacterial commercial soap because it is cheaper non like the commercial anti-bacterial soap. Guava can merely garner in the backyard and it is easy to do. Significance of the Study This survey is important in doing a bathing soap with guava infusion as intervention for acne. This works is really common to our environment, and aside of its handiness ; it is easy to cultivate. It contains many constituents for mending tegument upsets. Scope and restriction This survey is focus merely on how guava infusion ( Psidium guajava Linn ) be effectual in killing micro-organism like Fungi and Bacteria. The survey of Psidium littorale foliages and acquiring their infusion is frequently utile. It has the ability to handle, remedy, disinfect tegument upsets and capable of being a herb tea works for acnes. Statement of Problem It stated that Guava leaves infusion is good for tegument. Based on research, it has many components that is good for tegument. It answers the undermentioned inquiries: 1. Be at that place any components of Psidium littorale foliages that is good for tegument? 2. If it is utile, how long will it take for the users to see complete consequences? Hypothesis Yes, Guava leaves is good intervention for acne. Chapter II EVALUATION, DESIGN AND FRAMEWORK Theoretical Model Conceptual Model Definition of footings

Intervening Variable Definition and Examples in Sociology

Intervening Variable Definition and Examples in Sociology An intervening variable is something that impacts the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. Usually, the intervening variable is caused by the independent variable, and is itself a cause of the dependent variable. For example, there is an observed positive correlation between level of education and level of income, such that people with higher levels of education tend to earn higher levels of income. This observable trend, however, is not directly causal in nature. Occupation serves as the intervening variable between the two, since education level (the independent variable) influences what kind of occupation one will have (the dependent variable), and therefore how much money one will earn.  In other words, more schooling tends to mean a higher status job, which in turn tends to bring a higher income. How an Intervening Variable Works When researchers conduct experiments or studies they are usually interested in understanding the relationship between two variables: an independent and a dependent variable. The independent variable is usually hypothesized to be the cause of the dependent variable, and the research is designed to prove whether or not this is true. In many cases, like the link between education and income described above, a statistically significant relationship is observable, but it is not proven that the indirect variable is directly causing the dependent variable to behave as it does. When this occurs researchers then hypothesize what other variables could be influencing the relationship, or how a variable might intervene between the two. With the example given above, occupation intervenes to mediate the connection between level of education and level of income. (Statisticians consider an intervening variable to be a kind of mediating variable.) Thinking causally, the intervening variable  follows the independent variable but precedes the dependent variable. From a research standpoint, it clarifies the nature of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Other Examples of Intervening Variables in Sociology Research Another example of an intervening variable that sociologists monitor is the effect of systemic racism on college completion rates. There is a documented relationship between race and college completion rates. Research shows that among 25 to 29-year-old adults in the U.S., Asian Americans are most likely to have completed college, followed by whites, while Blacks and Hispanics have much lower rates of college completion. This represents a statistically significant relationship between race (independent variable) and level of education (dependent variable). However, it is not accurate to say that race itself influences level of education. Rather, the experience of racism is an intervening variable between the two.​ Many studies have shown that racism has a strong effect on the quality of K-12 education that one receives in the U.S. The nations long history of segregation and housing patterns today mean that the nations least-funded schools primarily serve students of color while the nations best-funded schools primarily serve white students. In this way, racism intervenes to affect the quality of education. Additionally, studies have shown that implicit racial biases among educators lead to Black and Latino students receiving less encouragement and more discouragement in the classroom than white and Asian students, and also, that they are more regularly and harshly punished for acting out. This means that racism, as it manifests in the thoughts and actions of educators, once again intervenes to impact college completion rates on the basis of race. There are numerous other ways in which racism acts as an intervening variable between race and level of education.

Self-Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self-Reflection - Essay Example nationality being that of Somalia (check 1st week blog).The two Chinese girls in my group had been friends before and therefore were in good terms with one another. At the beginning of the project, we did not all have very strong ties with each other. Opening discussions however brought us closer. We started discussing our goals and aims and reflected upon our previous accomplishments. Such discussions assisted us in understanding each other and we began to get closer as group. The best explanation of the way we adopted the model, interacted with each other and settles on what would be done by who is the Tuckman’s stages of group development (Chapman, 2009) shown below; The â€Å"Forming† part took us a lot of time to cover. From the time we started the group, we not only added each other as friends on Facebook but also created a group profile which facilitated our exchanging of messages and everyone could see this simultaneously. In accordance to Belbin (1993), so as for a group to function well, it is very important that the members know each other something that assists in the Forming and Norming process. We gradually covered the stages of â€Å"forming† to â€Å"norming†. So as to accomplish this, we decided to do these roles together and everybody comes with whatever information they gathered to the meetings. After this, we did not spend much time trying to hit the â€Å"storming† section of the theory Tuckman (1965).As time went by I felt that the participation of other group members was very minute since they were all expecting me to do all the work and had to inform our supervisor regarding this. It was thus agreed that tasks should be delegated and had to stop doing tasks together as had been before since it was no longer working. Consequently, it is at that point that we proceeded to the last phase of Truckman theory (1965), which is performing. At this stage Tang and I were already well versed with what was required of us to do and were thorough with

Three chapters READING quiz (( Aboriginal Treaties ) Assignment

Three chapters READING quiz (( Aboriginal Treaties ) - Assignment Example Marriages were mostly used by non-natives to cement social, political and economic links with the natives. Strangers who were perceived beneficial to the aboriginal people were incorporated into the kinship ties via association/adoption. For example, prisoners of war were incorporated into the society rather than being executed as a way of ensuring the communities had higher numbers (Ch. 1, pg. 5). A ceremonial ritual would be carried out for traders or new comers as a welcome gesture. Together with the community leaders, the newcomers would smoke a ceremonial pipe and then enjoy meals. This ceremony would be repeated severally in the future to strengthen the already existing relationship and also to renew it. However, this ceremony was only meant for non-native traders and not for prisoners of war. The latter were given a feast of honor by the families that adopted them after which they became full members of the community. (Ch. 1, pg. 6) Due to their extensive reliance on skills, knowledge and labor and the good treatment that the Europeans enjoyed at the hands of the natives, they easily accepted the terms of their hosts. This was essential for trade as the natives would allow them to operate in their lands. They would also give them permission and access to navigation routes, market for their goods and also protection. (Ch. 1, pg. 10) Gifts were extremely important to aboriginal people since it assured them that their trading partners had not backtracked from their initial relationship. To them it was a sign that there was no enmity between them. Furthermore, gifts could be used to wipe away tears in the event of a misfortune like death of members or business loss. Aboriginals claimed that gifts could ‘clear the throat’ and ‘unstop the ears’- expressions that translate to honesty and loyalty respectively (Ch. 1, pg. 18). The act of gift giving among the natives was practiced

A view from the bridge Essay Example for Free

A view from the bridge Essay Marco is very different to his brother Rodolfo, who is fair haired and pale, as he is dark skinned and has dark hair, so he is a typical Italian immigrant. At first, Eddie likes Marco very much as he is very strong and hard working. Another longshoreman describes Marco as a regular bull and Eddie himself says that hes a strong guy. The audience respect Marco very much as he works this hard to make money for his family, which is a very manly thing to do. He also matches Eddies ideas on what it means to be a man this way as he is working to save his family and he feels that it is his duty to do so. Eddie feels threatened by Marco because he is more masculine than he is, and this is shown when Marco lifts the chair to show that he is stronger than Eddie. Marco also shows the audience that he is more masculine than Eddie because he doesnt try to continually show his strength to the other characters like Eddie does, and when Eddie breaks the honour code by telling immigration about Marco and Rodolfo, Marco shows the audience again that he is stronger than Eddie because he wins the fight and kills Eddie. At this point the audience do not dislike Marco, even though he has killed Eddie, as Marco claims that Eddie, by telling immigration about them, has killed his wife and children, so Marco sees it as masculine to kill Eddie in retaliation to Eddie killing his family. Eddies views on masculinity, and his actions against those who are different to them, eventually lead to his own death, after he loses Catherine, Beatrice, and his name, so it could be argued that he had no choice but to fight to the death. Throughout the play, the Arthur Miller (the playwright) has carefully selected his language to make the audience view the characters exactly how he wants them to be viewed. For example, he wants us to view Eddie as a strong and caring character, although Miller has also made it clear that he has a low education. He has done this by making Eddie have poor communication skills, and Miller shows us this clearly as he cant hold an argument and he often breaks in the middle of his sentences and sometimes completely forgets what he is talking about if he is interrupted. For example, when he goes to Alfieri to see if there is anything the law can do to stop Catherine and Rodolfo marrying, every time Eddie is interrupted he has to repeat himself to remember what he is saying and he says Listen to me a minute! in frustration that he cannot communicate his ideas effectively, and Miller could have done this purposely to possibly make the audience feel sorry for Eddie towards the end of the play, possibly because he only attacked Marco because he was unable to express his feelings in any other way. Miller has intentionally contrasted Eddie with Marco and Rodolfo, as the audience gets the impression that they are competent of expressing what they think, and so Miller could also have done this purposely as well, as this could make the audience think that both Marco and Rodolfo are more masculine than Eddie because of this quality. Miller may possibly be trying to show the audience that every man shows his masculinity in one way or another, and possibly that the most important quality of all is communication, as the one character who lacks this in the play is Eddie, and the lack of this skill leads to his death. In the play A View from the Bridge the playwright Arthur Miller has shown how masculinity, and how people view it, can lead to hostility and aggression, and he has used Eddie, the protagonist, to help show these ideas to the audience. Overall, Miller has done this very effectively, as Eddies death at the end of the play shows the audience where a mans opinion and a lack of communication can end. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

The Bud :: essays research papers

Government Final Exam Questions 1-12 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List and discuss the major structure of the Constitution. (63-65) The Constitution contains about 7,000 words and is divided into three parts: the Preamble, the articles, and the amendments. The Preamble is the introduction states why the constitution was written which was to create stability and order. The Constitution contains seven divisions called articles. Each article covers a general topic. For example, Articles I, II, and III create the three branches of the national government—the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This is the third part of the constitution consists of amendments. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List and discuss the major principles of the Constitutions. (65-67) The Constitutions rests on six major principles of government: 1 Popular Sovereignty: This is based the concept of Popular Sovereignty which is rule by the people. 2 Federalism: Describes the basic structure of American government. 3 Separation of Powers: This consists of dividing the powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. 4 Checks and Balances: Each branch of government exercises some control over others. 5 Judicial Review: The power of court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments invalid if they violate the Constitution. 6 Limited Government: This limits the Constitutions actions of governments by specifically listing powers it does and does not have, for example the first 10 amendments set specific limits in the areas of freedom of expression, personal security, and fair trials. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List and briefly discuss the Amendments of the federal government, the state governments, and those shared by the federal and state governments. (95-102) 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List and discuss the powers of the federal government, the state governments, and those shared by the federal and state governments. (95-102) 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discuss federalism in detail. Be sure to include those who are apposed to federalism and their reasoning. (106-116) 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List and discuss the qualifications needed to be a member of Congress, present representation from California and Kern County, term of office, and current compensation. (123-131 notes) 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  List and discuss those who are currently leading Congress. Be sure to include their names, position, and responsibilities.

IGC Nebosh

Suitable PEP and breathing equipment provided Emergency escue arrangement Monitoring systemsupervision with adequate communication. C) outline the emergency arrangements that might be required for entry Into a confined space. First Aid must be available Emergency telephone numbers must be available. A helping hand or supervisor must be present. A rescue plan must be available. Extra breathing apparatuses must be available. Safe and quick asses to the entrance and exit areas. Section 2 1. Identify documentation that is likely to be inspected in a health and safety audit. Health and safety policy Risk assessments Training recordsMaintenance records Inspections and audit reports Complaints from employees Accident and investigation reports Safe systems of work and procedures. 2. A) Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of an employer. Provide a safe work place Provide safe plant and equipment Provide safe systems of work Provide adequate training and supervision Provide com petent fellow employees Set up emergency plans and prevent or Identify risks B) Identify actions an enforcement authority might take if it finds that an employer is not fulfilling their responsibilities. Time. Prosecution, fines and prison sentences can result due to non compliance. Outline reasons why an organization should review its health and safety performance. To deter main if the health and safety plans are appropriate. To deter main if the objectives and targets are met and practical. To check if adequate risk control is in place and to revise it. To provide information on the progress and current status of the strategies, processes and activities used to control risks. 4. A manager is required to carry out a suitable and sufficient risk assessment on a work activity. A) Identify possible sources of information that might help the manager carry out the risk assessment.He could get information from external health and safety consultants, occupational hygienist or ergonomics, a health and safety practitioner, workers and a safety representative. B) Outline what is required in order for a risk assessment to be suitable and sufficient. Identify the significant risks, allow the employer to identify and prioritize control measures, identify those who might be affected by the risks and identify a time period during which it is likely to remain valid. 5. Identify possible costs to an organization following an accident in the workplace. Lost Production time Additional labor recruitmentLoss of morale and reputation Loss of experience Investigation time Fines Legal costs Increased insurance 6. A) Injury: Injury is the outcome of an incident that resulted in harm. Example: A worker cut his hand on re-bar while busy pouring concrete in an abutment. B) Ill Health: This is an illness that has developed due to exposure of something in the workplace. Example: Asbestosis, a disease that developed due to inhalation of asbestos fibers. C) Dangerous Occurrence: Also known as a near miss, is an unplanned event, which under slightly different circumstances, could have resulted in harm to a person or damage to property.Example: A brick falling from a scaffold, missing everyone beneath and hitting the floor. D) Damage Only: This event is when there is no one injured, but there is damage to a building, plant, equipment or materials. Example: Crane truck lifting a concrete slab, it sways in the wind and hits the side off building. 7. Identify key areas that should be addressed in the arrangements section of a health and safety policy. Risk assessment Health and safety training Contractor selection and management Communication and consultation with employees Safe systems of work and permits to work Disciplinary procedures for non-conformance.Emergency procedures Accident reporting and investigation First aid 8. A) Outline the health and safety duties of designers, manufacturers and suppliers of articles and substances. Any articles or substances must be des igned and constructed to be safe and without risk as far as reasonably practical, include testing and examination. There must be sufficient information supplied to the end user to ensure that the nature of the substance or article can be understood and that any conditions for safe use can be described. B) If those in the supply chain fail to carry out their duties, outline health and safety consequences in the workplace.Los in production due to the difficult nature of understanding the article or substance. Increased risk factor on site, if using unsafe articles or substances. Increase in injuries or accident on site, due to increase of risk. 9. A) Give the meaning of the term â€Å"Safe system of work† It is a formal procedure, which results from a systematic examination of a task, in order to identify all the hazards. It defines safe methods, to ensure that all hazards are eliminated or risks minimized. B) Outline what is meant by the following types of controls within a sa fe system of work and give a practical example of each: I.Technical: This focuses on what mechanical intervention can be brought up in the workplace to minimize the risk. Example: Replacing an old machine with a new one, or placing guards on machinery to reduce the risk. It. ) Behavioral: This focuses on the operatives and how the human failure might affect expected outcomes of hazards or risks. Example: Selecting skilled personnel for the Job or supervision. Iii. ) Procedural: It uses instructions, information and training to reduce risks. Example: Permits to work and safe system of work. 1 1 . ) An employer is setting up a health and safety training program.A) Identify the infinite to†¦ I) The employer: Fewer injuries would occur in the workplace, and there would be an increase in morale and safety awareness. More competent workforce. It) The worker: Better understanding of the different risks on site and how to avoid them. Workers made aware of the importance of PEP will wea r it more often and look after their equipment. B) Identify when health and safety training would be provided to workers. This would be done preferably at the beginning of the project or activity so that workers are done as soon as possible with workers before commencement of any activities where possible.

Continous Comprehensive Evaluation Essay

It has been a couple of years now that the Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) scheme has been in existence but the nitty-gritty of it continues to raise questions among CBSE schools across the country. On Saturday afternoon around 250 principals and teachers from 140 schools across the state gathered in Nagpur to attend a daylong seminar on CCE. Organized by the Nagpur Sahodaya Schools Complex, the seminar was conducted by senior educationist Priyadarshini Kelkar from Vadodara who tried to address concerns about CCE. â€Å"CCE is similar to treating a medical patient,† said Kelkar who is also the principal of New Era School in Vadodara. If my medical reports confirm I have high blood pressure and my doctor reads it but simply sends me home then it is not right. The correct method is to prescribe me some medicine and review my health after a week or fortnight. And this is exactly what CCE intends to do,† she said. Kelkar explained that CCE’s focus is on assessing a student, providing remedial feedback and following up at regular intervals. â€Å"With CCE the aim is to evaluate all areas of development and review the progress at regular intervals,† she said. Building up to her detailed talk on assessments in CCE, Kelkar talked about the need for CCE. Education in the 21st century requires a different approach. Teachers need to be dynamic learners themselves if they have to be the catalyst for change. We as teachers have to accept that students have different learning styles and different intelligence types,† said Kelkar. She hinted that part of the resistance to CCE from teachers is due the ‘resistance to change’ factor. â€Å"Nobody likes change and hence we question it. I cook a certain dish perfectly and when my husband wants me to experiment with the ingredients I refuse. My logic is that what I am cooking is perfect so what is the need to change. In a sense I am a conformist too just like numerous others, but we have to understand that change is necessary. If we don’t change then we will become obsolete and this will be a disaster for our country in the 21st century,† said Kelkar. Assessment plays a major role in CCE as it helps understand how the student is faring. â€Å"CBSE encourages the use of multidisciplinary projects so that students are able to express themselves better. We have to make students learn to think creatively and be inventive, hence questions must be open-ended,† she said. But many things are easier said than done, and the bane of CCE has been the increased paperwork it has brought upon teachers. Kelkar agreed by saying teachers are ‘submerged in paperwork’. She said, â€Å"It is common to see project works piling up in the staffroom and it is quite a task for teachers as they teach more than one section. Evaluating each one and entering data in more than one place increases the workload. One solution is for managements to provide their teachers with laptops or palmtops so that they can enter the data immediately. â€Å"

Water Table1 essays

Water Table1 essays Many people assume that water is an unlimited natural resource. Is this true? Although water appears abundant, recent circumstances indicate that it is seriously vulnerable to pollution and depletion. Throughout this essay we will examine what ground water is, how it is important in the water cycle, how its contamination can affect us, and what we can do to protect our ground water from contamination. Ground water is the water found in spaces between soil particles and rocks, within cracks of the bedrock. Ground water constitutes approximately 4% of all water in the hydrologic cycle. (Averett, McKnight, 1986) Some ground water can be found beneath the land surface in most of the United States. Because of its availability and general good quality, ground water is widely used for household needs and other purposes. Water can be found beneath the ground almost everywhere. About 97% of the worlds fresh liquid water is ground water. The quality and amount of ground water that is available varies from place to place. Major reservoirs of ground water are referred to as aquifers. Aquifers in some of the provinces extended underground far beyond the areas where they are mapped at or near the land surface. (http://capp.water.usgs.gov/gwa/ch_1/L-text1.html) These aquifers occur in two types of geologic formations. Consolidated formations are those composed of solid rock with ground water found in the cracks. Unconsolidated formations are composed of sand and gravel, cobblestones, or loose earth or soil material. The amount of ground water in an unconsolidated formation varies depending on how closely packed the solid materials are and how fine-grained they are. Sand and gravel, and cobblestone formations are generally high-yield aquifers, whereas, finer-grained earth materials may have low yie lds. Aquifers and aquifer systems can be grouped into three categories, depending on the degree o...

Five Things You Dont Know About Africa

Five Things You Don't Know About Africa 1. Africa is not a country Okay. You do know this, but people frequently refer to Africa as though it were a country. Sometimes, people will actually say, â€Å"Countries like India and Africa†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , but more often they simply refer to Africa as though the entire continent faced similar problems or had similar cultures or histories. There are, however, 54 sovereign states in Africa plus the disputed territory of Western Sahara. 2. Africa is not all poor, rural, or overpopulated Africa is an incredibly diverse continent politically, socially, and economically. To get an idea of how people’s lives and opportunities differ across Africa, consider that in 2013: Life expectancy ranged from 45 (Sierra Leone) to 75 (Libya Tunisia)Children per family ranged from 1.4 (Mauritius) to 7.6 (Niger)Population density (people per square mile) ranged from 3 (Namibia) to 639 (Mauritius)GDP per capita in current US dollars ranged from 226 (Malawi) to 11,965 (Libya)Cell phones per 1000 people ranged from 35 (Eritrea) to 1359 (Seychelles) (All above data from the World Bank) 3. There were empires and kingdoms in Africa long before the modern era The most famous ancient kingdom, of course, is Egypt, which existed in one form or another, from roughly 3,150 to 332 B.C.E. Carthage is also well known due to its wars with Rome, but there were numerous other ancient kingdoms and empires, including Kush-Meroe in present-day Sudan and Axum in Ethiopia, each of which lasted for over 1,000 years. Two of the more famous states of what is sometimes referred to as the medieval era in African history are the Kingdoms of Mali (c.1230-1600) and Great Zimbabwe (c. 1200-1450). These were both rich states involved in intercontinental trade. Archeological digs at Zimbabwe have revealed coins and commodities from as far away as China, and these are but a few examples of the wealthy and powerful states that flourished in Africa before European colonization. 4.  With the exception of Ethiopia, every African country has English, French, Portuguese, or Arabic as one of their official languages Arabic has long been spoken widely in northern and western Africa. Then, between 1885 and 1914, Europe colonized all of Africa with the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia. One consequence of this colonization was that after independence, the former colonies kept the language of their colonizer as one of their official languages, even if it was a second language for many citizens.The Republic of Liberia was not technically colonized, but it had been founded by African-American settlers in 1847 and so already had English as its official language.This left the Kingdom of Ethiopia as the only African kingdom not to be colonized, though it was briefly conquered by Italy in the lead-up to World War II. Its official language is Amharic, but many students study English as a foreign language in school. 5. There are currently two female Presidents in Africa Another common misconception is that women are oppressed across Africa. There are cultures and countries where women do not have equal rights or receive respect equal to that of men, but there are other states where women are legally equal to men and have broken the glass ceiling of politics – a feat the United States of America has yet to match. In Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has served as president since 2006, and in the Central African Republic, Catherine Samba-Panza was selected the Acting President leading into the 2015 elections. Previous female heads of state include, Joyce Banda (President, Malawi), Sylvie Kinigi (Acting President, Burundi), and Rose Francine Ragombà © (Acting President, Gabon).

Case analysis on Terri Schiavo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case analysis on Terri Schiavo - Essay Example After a few weeks, she was taken off life support and allowed to breathe on her own. Terri's husband and appointed guardian, Michael, put her into therapy at a Florida nursing facility, then filed and won a medical malpractice suit against her primary care physician and gynecologist in 1992. He had her removed from life support, put into a hospice, and then tried to move on with his life. The main argument of the case on ethics happened between Terri's husband and her parents. They believed that she could potentially thrive with additional therapy, but her husband decided it was time to let her go. The case was highly-publicized and taxpayer-funded. Mrs. Schiavo, doctors agreed, for all intents and purposes, was clinically â€Å"brain dead.† Her case changed the laws on America's spin on handling the final hours of the legally brain dead, even when their hearts are still pumping. I would have sided with the parties who knew that her life ended on the day she was pronounced bra in dead. The infamous and late Dr. Jack Kevorkian would have agreed. Dr. Daniel Eisenberg, an expert on Jewish medical ethics, currently employed by the Department of Radiology at the Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia, PA, would not have agreed.

Physiology Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physiology Presentation - Essay Example Chyme travels to small intestine, where the pH is alkaline to activate enzymes for breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, liver secretes bile for the emulsification of fat, while pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon for controlling blood sugar level converting from chyme to chyle. Numerous microvilli of the small intestine, lined by blood vessels absorbs the food as now it is in simpler forms namely monosaccharide, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerols. The refuse moves to large intestine (water absorption takes place) for expulsion. Respiration is done through nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchia, bronchioles and alveoli. It encompasses exchange of oxygen and carbon-di-oxide in lungs converting the deoxygenated blood collected by veins to oxygenated blood to be circulated back to body tissues through arteries. The exchange of gases mainly takes place in alveoli and in capillaries of numerous tissues. Blood vascular system plays an imperative role in transporting food as well a s oxygen to all the body parts and eliminating carbon-di-oxide from each tissue.

Apps Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Apps - Assignment Example These applications can be instrumental transforming the healthcare environment by facilitating various capabilities for the diagnosis of diseases as well as helping people to monitor their health and vital statistics apart from affording them an easy platform for coordinating all their healthcare related activities. The areas where mobile applications can be used in the healthcare field include, but are not limited to, diagnosis of diseases, drug reference, medical calculator, searching medical literature, clinical communication, Hospital Information System for patients, â€Å"general healthcare applications,† learning tool for medical and nursing students, various utilities for patients etc (Mosa et al 8). Mobile apps are especially useful in the case of diseases like blood pressure as they offer the leverage to â€Å"control the inflation and deflation of a blood pressure cuff through a mobile platform† (Mobile Medical Applications 14). Evidence further suggests that personalizing the health monitoring system will â€Å"significantly improve† the possibility of early detection of cardio vascular diseases (CVDs), including blood pressure (Mena et al 4). Besides, ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring will also facilitate â€Å"accurate diagnosis† as well as easy evaluation of response to treatment (4). Mobile applications provide an appropriate platform for ABP and by using them in transportable devices such as mobile phones and PDAs etc people can effectively monitor the onslaught as well as response to the treatment of hyper tension. In order to test the above hypothesis, the researcher has focused on conducting a study on people from Florida State especially those from the cities such as Miami and Orlando. Since the treatment of blood pressure is to be undertaken over a long period, the study spanned over a term of three years from 2010 to 2013 to

History of International Human Resource Management

History of International Human Resource Management Up until the 1960s, even firms operating internationally maintained organizational structures with centralised technical and managerial resources, manufacturing ability, and the access to and control of the capital (Doz Prahalad 1981). As exports increased, it was seen as more attractive to establish sales subsidiaries in other countries, often staffing them with skilled personnel from the home country. These expatriates had the necessary product knowledge, and could even initiate local manufacture, but also had a perceived primary loyalty to the home company and country culture. Unfortunately, this was also an era of convergence thinking (usually towards the dominant U.S. culture), with sometimes lamentably littleattention being given to national sensitivities and cultural beliefs and behaviours With the developing internationalisation of many firms in the late 1960s and early 1970s, companies established overseas plants and entered joint ventures with foreign affiliates. Firms sought commercial success through moving closer to their customers by employing more host-country nationals. In some situations, they aimed at being perceived more as local rather than foreign, for various reasons. In the 1990s, not only has the practice of IHRM become more sophisticated, but research into its policy and practice has become established. It has a developing body of research and practice which is regularly considered at dedicated conferences, and published in general management as well as HRM journals. Increasingly, international HRM is being taught in university faculties of business management courses, and management MBA graduates, as well as graduates in HRM, are now more frequently aware of the issues involved, and the functions of HRM in an international context. International human resource management What an HR manager does in a multinational corporation varies from firm to firm. It also depends on whether the manager is located in a global corporations headquarters or onsite in a foreign subsidiary. What is IHRM? Actually, it is not easy to provide a precise definition of international human resource management (IHRM) because the mission of an HR manger in a multinational corporation (MNC) varies on a large scale. Generally speaking, IHRM is the effective utilization of human resources in a corporation in an international environment. The term IHRM in most studies has traditionally focused on the area of expatriation (Brewster and Harris, 1999) Broadly defined, international human resource management (IHRM) is the process of procuring, allocating, and effectively utilising human resources in a multinational corporation. If the MNC is simply exporting its products, with only a few small offices in foreign locations, then the task of the international HR manager is relatively simple. However, in global firms human resource managers must achieve two somewhat conflicting strategic objectives. First, they must integrate human resource policies and practices across a number of subsidiaries in different countries so that overall corporate objectives can be achieved. At the same time, the approach to HRM must be sufficiently flexible to allow for significant differences in the type of HR policies and practices that are most effective in different business and cultural settings. This problem of balancing integration (control and coordination from HQ) and differentiation (flexibility in policies and practices at the local subsidiary level) have long been acknowledged as common dilemmas facing HR and other functional managers in global corporations. Although some argue that IHRM is not unlike HRM in a domestic setting, others point out that there  are significant differences. Specifically compared with domestic HRM, IHRM (I) encompasses more functions, (2) has more heterogeneous functions, (3) involves constantly changing perspectives, (4) requires more involvement in employees personal lives, (5) is influenced by more external sources, and (6) involves a greater level of risk than typical domestic HRM. When compared with domestic human resource management, IHRM requires a much broader perspective on even the most common HR activities. This is particularly so for HR managers operating from a MNCs headquarters (HQ). The number and variety of IHRM activities are daunting. International HR managers must deal with issues as varied as international taxation; international relocation and orientation; various other administrative services for expatriates; selecting, training and appraising local and international employees; and managing relations with host governments in a number of countries around the world. Even when dealing with one particular HR function area such as compensation, the international HR manager is faced with a great variety of national and international pay issues. For example, while dealing with pay issues, the HQ-based HR manager must coordinate pay systems in different countries with different currencies that may change in relative value to one another over time. An American expatriate in Tokyo who receives a salary of $100,000 may suddenly find the buying power of that salary dramatically diminished if the Japanese yen strengthens in value relative to the US dollar. A US dollar purchased 248 yen in 1985, but less than 110 yen in 2000. In the case of fringe benefits provided to host company employees, some interesting complications might arise. For instance, it is common in the United States to provide health insurance benefits to employees and the employees family, which usually means spouse and children. In some countries however, the term family may include a more extended group of relatives-multiple spouses, aunts, uncles, grandparents, nephews, and nieces. How does the firms benefit plan deal with these different definitions of family? A final aspect of the broader scope of IHRM is that the HQ-based manager deals with employee groups that have different cultural backgrounds. The HQ manager must coordinate policies and procedures to manage expatriates from the firms home country (parent country nationals, PNCs), host-country nationals (HCNs), as well as third country nationals (TCNs, e.g. a French manager working for an American MNC in the firms Nigerian subsidiary) in subsidiaries around the world. Although such issues are important for the HQ-based manager, they are also relevant to the HR manager located in a subsidiary. This manager must develop HR systems that are not only acceptable to the host country but also compatible with company-wide systems being developed by his or her HQ-based counterpart. These policies and practices must effectively balance the needs and desires of local employees, PCNs and TCNs. It is at the subsidiary level that the increased involvement of IHRM in the personal lives of employees becomes particularly apparent. It is not unusual for subsidiary HR managers to be involved in arranging housing, healthcare, transportation, education, and recreation activities for expatriate and local staff. IHRM activities are also influenced by a greater number of external forces than are domestic HR activities. The HQ-based manager may have to set equal employment opportunity (EEO) policies that meet the legal requirements of both the home country and a number of host countries. Because of the visibility that foreign firms tend to have in host countries (especially in developing countries), subsidiary HR managers may have to deal with ministers, other political figures, and a great variety of social and economic interest groups than would normally be encountered in a purely domestic HRM. Excerpt from Human Resource Management by Cynthia D Fisher, Lyle F Schoenfeldt, James B Shaw. Published by Biztantra

Bowen Family Therapy Essay -- Psychology

Introduction Murray Bowen was born in 1913 in Tennessee and died in 1990. He was the oldest child in a large cohesive family. He trained as a psychiatrist and originally practiced within the psychoanalytic model. In his practice he involved mothers in the investigation of schizophrenic patients. He thought that the cause of schizophrenia begun in mother-child symbiosis which created an anxious and unhealthy attachment. His devotion to his own psychoanalytic training was set aside after his move to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1954 as he begun to shift from an individual focus to an appreciation of the dimensions of families as systems. He began to include more family members in his research and psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients. In 1959, he moved to Georgetown University and established the Georgetown Family Centre where he was a director until his death. It was here where his theory was extended to less severe emotional problems (Nichols & Schwartz, 2004, p. 120). In 1962, he undertook detailed research into families across several generations. Rather than developing a theory about pathology, Bowen focused on what he saw as the common patterns of all ‘human emotional systems’. With such a focus on the qualitative similarities of all families, Bowen was known to say frequently that there is a little schizophrenia in all of us. In 1966, Bowen published a presentation of his developing ideas and around the same time, used his concepts to guide his intervention in an emotional crisis in his own extended family which he described as a spectacular breakthrough (Kerr & Bowen, 1988). Theory concepts Bowen introduced eight interlocking concepts to explain family development and functioning. ... ...stems.ca /bowen theory and research/bowen theory Bowen, M. (1971). Family therapy and family group therapy. In Comprehensive group psychotherapy, H. Kaplan and B. Sadock, eds. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. NY and London, Jason Aroson Brown, J. (1999). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy (ANZJFT) 20(2), 94-103. Retrieved : http://www.familysystemstraining.com/papers/bowen-illustration-and-critique.html Guerin, P.J. (1976). Family therapy: Theory and practice. New York: Gardner Press Kerr, M., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York: Norton Nichols, M.P. & Schwartz, R.C. (2004). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (6th ed.). Pearson Education Inc. US Rabstejnek, C. (2010). Family Systems and Murray Bowen theory. Web. 13 August 2015. http://www.houd.info /bowenTheory.pdf

Occurrence Of Malnutrition In Children Health And Social Care Essay

The childhood period is the most of import phase for the overall development during the lifetime. Brain and biological development takes topographic point at this phase Muller and Jahn, 2009. These developments are influenced by sufficient of stimulation and nutrition, and this development affects of build, the immune system, knowledge, every bit good as societal and emotional growing ( Handal et al. 2007 ) . Such development helps to guarantee that each kid reaches his or her possible and is a productive member of society ( Uthman, 2009 ) . When kids waste their early old ages with a decreased sum of motivation, or a less emotionally and physically encouraging environment encephalon development is affected and leads to cognitive, societal and behavioural holds. Many factors can disrupt early kid development such as malnutrition ( WHO, 2009 ) . The nutritionary position of kids is a important presentation of wellness and development ; it is non merely a representation of past wellnes s but an of import index of future wellness ( Subramanyam et al. 2010 ) . Malnutrition is one of the of import wellness jobs throughout the universe, peculiarly in developing states ( Sarifzadeh et al. 2010 ; Hioui et Al. 2010 ) . Malnutrition is an of import public wellness job because it leads to increased hazard of decease from infective diseases, more terrible infections and a high cause of mortality, and making extra psychosocial loads ( Jesminet al. 2011 ) . Malnutrition is a status doing scrawny growing, scraggy, and blowing ( Faber et al. 2010 ; Subramanyam et Al. 2010 ; Uthman, 2009 ; Kandala et Al. 2011 ; Janevic et al.2010 ) , inadequacy of protein, energy and other foods and instability between the foods the organic structure needs and the foods it receives ( Muller and Jahn, 2009 ) . Malnutrition can be detected by anthropometric measurings were height-for-age ( HAZ ) , weight-for-age ( WAZ ) and weight-for-height ( WHZ ) is measured against a set of WHO child and growing criterions and NCHS/WHO mention ( Hioui et al. 2010 ; Lesiapeto et Al. 2010 ) . Malnutrition degrees are still high in developing states around the universe ( Sunil, 2009 ) , an estimated cachexia 9.8 % , scraggy 17.9 % and stunting 29.2 % ( WHO, 2009 ) , included Indonesia. Harmonizing to the WHO ‘s reported prevalence of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age during the twelvemonth 2007 in Indonesia 19.6 % are scraggy, 40.1 % stunted, 14.8 % showed cachexia and 11.2 % were overweight. Many factors can be associated with the happening of malnutrition in kids. For illustration, inadequate wellness services and an unhealthy environment ( Schoeman et al. 2010 ; Hioui et Al. 2010 ) , socio-cultural environments ( Mashalet al.2008 ; Noughani & A ; Bagheri, 2010 ) , socioeconomic, maternal, and child factors ( Lesiapeto et al.2010 ; Hasselman et al.2006 ) , and socio-demographic factors ( Phengxay et al. 2007 ; Handal et al. 2007 ) . An apprehension of the most of import causes of malnutrition is imperative to be identified and an analysis would so bespeak more specii ¬?cally the type of policies, wellness plans and where resources should be directed to right the root causes of inequality in childhood malnutrition ( Lesiapetoet al. 2010 ; Uthman, 2009 ) .Statement of the jobThere are many factors that can act upon the happening of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age are child factors, female parent factors, and family factors.Research aimThe chief aim in this research is to happen out the major factors act uponing the happening of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age.Chapter IIReview of Relevant LiteratureDefinitionMalnutrition is a status manifested by stunting, being scraggy, and blowing if his/her tallness for age ( HAZ ) , weight for age ( WAZ ) and weight for tallness ( WHZ ) z-score was more than two standard divergences ( SDs ) below the mention median ( Lesiapeto et al. 2010 ; Sub ramanyam et Al. 2010 ; Uthman, 2009 ; Kandala et Al. 2011 ; Janevic et Al. 2010 ) , inadequacy of protein, energy and other foods and instability between the foods the organic structure needs and the foods it receives ( Muller, 2009 ) . Stunting is characterized by shortness-for-age or step of additive growing deceleration, an index of chronic malnutrition and calculated by comparing the height-for-age of a kid with a mention population of well-fed and healthy kids ( Muller and Jahn, 2009 ; Sunil, 2009 ) . Wasting is a contemplation of a recent and terrible procedure that has led to significant weight loss, normally associated with famishment and/or disease ; calculated by comparing weight-for-height of a kid with a mention population of well-fed and healthy kids ; indicates the acute degree of malnutrition or the current nutritionary position of kids and frequently used to measure the badness of the exigencies because it is strongly related to mortality ( Muller and Jahn, 2009 ; Sunil, 2009 ) . Underweight is measured by comparing the weight-for-age of a kid with a mention population of well-fed, composite step that indicates both acute and chronic malnutrition in kids ( Muller and Jahn, 2009 ; Sunil, 2009 ) .Factors act uponing the happening of malnutritionBase on the literature reexamine the factors act uponing the happening malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age are ; Child factors The kid factors are act uponing the happening of malnutrition are suckling, age of the kid, size at birth, sex of kid, hazardous birth interval ( Uthman, 2009 ) . Mother factors The female parent factors act uponing the happening of malnutrition are female parent ‘s age, female parent ‘s business, female parent ‘s instruction, and matrimonial position ( Uthman, 2009 ) . Family factors The family factors act uponing the happening of malnutrition are topographic point of abode, part, house sanitation, H2O beginning, and figure of kids in the house ( Uthman, 2009 ) .Research hypothesisIs there any relationship between, kid factors, female parent factors, and family factors with happening of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age.Research inquiryWhat is the most dominant factor act uponing the happening of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age?Conceptual ModelChild factors:AgeSexual activityBreastfeedingMothers Factors:AgeEducationOccupationFamily Factors:RearingHouse sanitationChild malnutrition:StuntingWastingUnderweightFigure 1. Thesis program conceptual model adopted from UNICEF ( 1997 )Operational definitionMalnutrition in kids is the kid under five old ages of age who has diagnosed malnutrition by Department of Health in West Nusa Tenggara Province. Child factors are the factor in a kids related to age, sex and chest eating of the kids. Mother factors are the factors related to age, instruction, and business of the female parents in the household. Family factors are the factors related to house sanitation and rearing theoretical account in the household.Chapter IIIMethods and ProceduresMethodologyResearch design Research design in this survey is cross-sectional. A cross-sectional survey is one of the most common and well-known survey designs. In this type of research survey, either the full population or a subset thereof is selected, and from these persons, informations are collected to assist reply the research inquiries. The information that is gathered represents what is traveling on at merely one point in clip ( Ollsen and George, 2004 ) . Population and sample Population in this research is households who have kids under five old ages of age in West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. The focal point samples are households who have kids under five old ages of age with diagnosed malnutrition in West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. Sampling technique in this research is utilizing a purposive sample. The sample choice is based on these features: Inclusion Standards Children under five old ages old who live with their household Family who willing to take portion in the survey Family in West Nusa Tenggara Province Sample Size Puting This research will be take topographic point in households at West Nusa Tenggara Province Measurement The anthropometric information of the kids were assessed utilizing the WHO Anthro package version 3.2.2. , to mensurate the informations about kid factors, female parents factors, and family factors will be utilizing inquirers. Because of this instrument used English linguistic communication, the research worker will interpret and so formalize by transcribers who were expert in both the English and Indonesia languages to guarantee equivalence the instrument in Indonesia linguistic communication. The instrument will be test dependability by utilizing with the similar samples, and guarantee that it is applicable with Indonesian people before roll uping informations. Ethical Consideration Ethical blessing should be granted by KU foremost. Then, a permission to make the research at the provincial and territory wellness offices, community wellness centres and voluntary are required. Participant information sheet ( PIS ) , namelessness, confidentiality, and informed concsent will be used to protect sample and the research worker.Plan for informations aggregationThe information about households who have kids under five old ages of age with malnutrition collected from section of wellness in West Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. The anthropometric information of the kids were assessed utilizing the WHO Anthro package version 3.2.2, and expressed as z-scores for each of the anthropometric indices of malnutrition against both the new WHO child growing criterions and the older NCHS/WHO mention. A kid was defined as stunted, scraggy or wasted if his/her height-for-age ( HAZ ) , weight-for-age ( WAZ ) or weight-for-height ( WHZ ) z-score was more than two standard divergence s ( SDs ) below the mention median. Direct interview with a set of questionnaires will be used to roll up informations from the households related with child factors, female parent ‘s factors, and family factors.Plan for informations analysisTo measure factors of malnutrition in kids under five old ages of age utilizing multivariate analysis and was performed utilizing Eview 4.0. Eview provide sophisticated information analysis, arrested development, and prediction tools on a Windows base computing machine. The multivariate analysis will take into history the hierarchal relationships between kid factors, female parent ‘s factors, and family factors with kids malnutrition. There will be calculated utilizing logistic arrested development.A survey budgetNo Items Amount/ figure Estimation Price ( in Rupiah ) 1 Paper A4 70 GSM 5 ream @ 50.000 = 250.000 2 Transcript of inquirer 5 @ 100 @ 100 = 50.000 3 Printer ink 4 colourss @ 40,000 = 160.000 4 Transportation fee 2.500.000 5 Small gift for participant 100 @ 10.000 = 1.000.000 Entire 3.960.000 rupiahTimetableActivity 2012 2013 jun July August September October November December January February March April jun July August September Identify the job Find the relevan literature reappraisal Sum up an analyze the literature Start composing proposal Defense proposal Ask for ethical issues Roll uping informations Analyzing informations Write chapter 4 and 5 Thesis defence Prepare for publication

“The Fall of the House of Usher” and “The Yellow Wallpaper”: A Comparison Introduction

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has received wide praise for its accurate depiction of madness and the symptoms attributed to mental breakdowns (Shumaker 1985). While these symptoms may seem obvious from today’s psychological perspective, Gilman was writing at the close of the 19th century when the discipline of psychology was still emerging out of a rudimentary psychiatric approach to treating the mentally ill.Though doctors have attempted to write about the treatment of insanity since ancient Greece, the history of madness has most often been characterized by a series of popular images, images that may have stunted the development of a medical model of mental illness: as a wild irrationality, an imaginative and corrupt gothic horror, a violent cruelty that must be confined in asylums, and lastly as a mere nervous disorder.The critic Annette Kolodny suggests that contemporary readers of Gilman’s story most likely learned how to foll ow her fictional representation of mental breakdown by reading the earlier stories of Edgar Allen Poe (Shumaker 1985), and indeed we can locate these strata of historical representations in both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.†But where Poe’s depictions seem to confirm negative – and thus not therapeutically useful – stereotypes of madness, Gilman tempers her representations through the emerging psychological model, which allowed her to articulate a new image anticipating the 20th century hope of curing mental diseases through psychological expression. Background Gilman’s story depicts the mental collapse of a late 19th century housewife undergoing the Rest Cure, who grows increasingly obsessed with a disturbing wallpaper pattern.It has been suggested that contemporary readers would have read the story as either a Poe-like study of madness, yet most modern critics focus on a feminist reading in which the wallpaper intentionally represents the â€Å"oppressive patriarchal social system† (Thrailkill 2002). Jane Thrailkill, in her essay about the psychological implications of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† argues that this feminist reading may actually block the work done by the story to shift 19th century medical conventions surrounding mental illness (Thrailkill 2002).Gilman stated that everything she wrote was for a purpose beyond mere literary entertainment, and that â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written in order to highlight the dangers of certain medical practices, particularly to convince Weir Mitchell to change the method of his Rest Cure for nervous ailments (which Gilman herself had unsuccessfully undergone) (Shumaker 1985, Thrailkill 2002).In Gilman’s words, the story was, â€Å"†¦intended†¦ to save people from going crazy, and it worked† (Thrailkill 2002). Like Gilman, Poe may also have suffered from mental illness, but following the concerns of his historical moment, Poe seems to have been more interested in the construction of aesthetic effects instead of how those effects might change social and scientific perspectives.The only mention of a cure in Poe’s tale is the â€Å"vague hope† that reading a book will relieve excitement (Poe 2003). Nonetheless, Gilman’s methods of representing madness clearly derive from Poe; they both use an â€Å"inspired manic voice,† unnamed narrators, nervous characters with no diagnosable illness, a rebellious foregrounding of the imagination, and a haunting mood with rational design that has been considered Poe’s signature style (Davison 2004).Published sixty years earlier, Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in particular seems to anticipate â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in its manor setting and mad characterizations, and thus can serve as an opening point from which to trace the 19th century trans itions in cultural and scientific representations of madness that culminate in Gilman’s tale. Analysis In â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† an unnamed narrator, visiting his old friend Roderick Usher, attempts to describe Roderick’s madness through both external and internal signs of irrationality.Most immediately, Roderick’s hair is described as â€Å"wild† and of â€Å"Arabesque expression,† which the narrator is unable to connect â€Å"with any simple idea of humanity† (Poe 2003). Similarly, Roderick’s manner strikes the narrator with â€Å"an incoherence – an inconsistency,† and his voice is compared to that of â€Å"the lost drunkard, or the irreclaimable eater of opium† (Poe 2003), all of which mark his social difference as not understandable.After the entombment of his sister, Roderick’s external madness intensifies: he roams with â€Å"unequal, and objectless step,† has a â€Å"m ore ghastly hue† of face, a â€Å"species of mad hilarity in his eyes,† a â€Å"restrained hysteria in his whole demeanor,† and speaks in a â€Å"gibbering murmur† (Poe 2003). But all of these are, as the narrator puts it, â€Å"the mere inexplicable vagaries of madness† (Poe 2003). When it comes to representing the internal process of mental breakdown, Poe (at least in this story) still only describes Roderick’s irrationality from an external and stereotypical position.Roderick describes his condition as a â€Å"deplorable folly† that will force him to â€Å"abandon life and reason,† he is â€Å"enchained by certain superstitious impressions,† and suffers from â€Å"melancholy† and â€Å"hypochondria† (two terms associated with earlier misunderstandings of madness) (Poe 2003). The only time we see the irrational thought process represented is in Roderick’s monologue about entombing his sister alive, which uses dashes, italics, and capitalization to indicate a nervous desperation, as in Poe’s â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†.In contrast, Gilman drops almost all of these external and stereotypical descriptions of madness in her story, focusing instead on a faithful rendition of irrational thought processes, in particular the narrator’s growing obsession with the yellow wallpaper. Early in the story, the narrator declares that she’s fond of her room, â€Å"all but that horrid wallpaper,† but within a few pages this statement is turned around; the narrator becomes fond of the room â€Å"perhaps because of the wallpaper.It dwells in my mind so† (236). The wallpaper gradually takes over the narrator’s thought process, breaking into other observations without transition, as when the narrator looks out her window and sees â€Å"a lovely country, full of great elms and velvet meadows. This wallpaper has a kind of sub-pattern†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (235 ). Eventually she â€Å"follows that pattern about by the hour† until there are few passages in the text that are not about the wallpaper (238).As her obsession grows, the narrator becomes paranoid that her husband and stepsister are â€Å"secretly effected by it,† and she’s thus â€Å"determined that nobody shall find [the pattern] out but myself† (239). Despite her original loathing of the wallpaper pattern, by the end of the story the narrator’s obsession is so consuming that she claims, â€Å"I don’t want to leave until I have found it out† (240). Instead of being directly told that the narrator is enchained by her impressions like Roderick Usher, we are more realistically shown those irrational impressions at work in the  mind.Another method for representing irrationality is to cast it against a more rational perspective, which both these stories do. Poe’s narrator, for instance, claims to rationally explain away the oth erwise inexplicable events of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† while documenting Roderick’s breakdown (Gruesser 2004). The house’s peculiar atmosphere â€Å"must have been a dream;† his nervousness is â€Å"due to the bewildering influence of the gloomy furniture;† the storm is â€Å"merely an electrical phenomena† (Poe 2003).And yet the uncertainty of events displayed in this narrative unreliability suggests that the narrator might himself be going mad. After describing Roderick’s wild appearance, the narrator says, â€Å"it was no wonder that his condition terrified – that it effected me,† and begins to feel â€Å"the wild influences of [Roderick’s] own fantastic yet impressive superstitions† (Poe 2003). This inability to rely on his own perceptions causes the narrator to flee aghast when the house collapses, where a more rational or unaffected person might first summon the servants or police (Gruess er 2004).According to John Gruesser, the challenge in Poe’s use of unreliability is that he sets reason in opposition to the supernatural, straddling the Gothic/Fantastic genre where supernatural events are more likely than their rational explanations. This supernatural possibility seems to lessen the question of whether madmen are always delusional or can speak the truth, which becomes central for Gilman’s story. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† also uses a rational perspective in the character of her husband and physician John, who is â€Å"practical in the extreme.He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition† (235). Not only does John explain away the unsettling nature of the house as a draught, but he also attempts to explain away the narrator’s mental illness, calling it â€Å"a temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency† (234). As we will see, this explanation of madness as merely nerves will beco me a large concern for 19th century discussions on mental illness, and as such comes off as far more scientifically realistic than explaining madness through the supernatural.Gilman also has her narrator attempt to rationalize her own madness, beginning the story with her claim of being â€Å"ordinary people,† and continuing this attempt to rationalize even through her mental deterioration: â€Å"it is getting to be a great effort for me to think straight. Just this nervous weakness I suppose† (238). While this use of unreliable explanations is similar to Poe’s, it reads as more realistic because Gilman frames her story in a way that denies the Gothic discourse of supernatural explanations.Despite its eventual medical ineffectuality, the label of â€Å"nerves† is one of the clearest literary representations of madness attempting to explain or deny its mental character. â€Å"True! – nervous – very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; † claims the narrator of Poe’s â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† â€Å"but why will you say that I am mad? † (Poe 2003). The Usher family madness in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is likewise coded; Roderick attempts to pass off their â€Å"constitutional and†¦ family evil† as a â€Å"mere nervous affection† (Poe 2003).He has an excessive â€Å"nervous agitation†¦ and acute bodily illness,† and â€Å"a morbid acuteness of the senses† that makes most food, garments, odors, light, and sounds intolerable (Poe 2003). Madeline is diagnosed with a â€Å"settled apathy, a gradual wasting away,† because whatever is actually wrong with her â€Å"long baffled the skill of her physicians† (Poe 2003). Whether or not these characters are actually mad, one gets the feeling that the word â€Å"nerves† is used by Poe to explain or make legible the Usher family condition for the mid-19th century reader, ind icating that it may be a biological rather than moral or supernatural disorder.The narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† also articulates her condition as nervousness, but within the late-19th century occlusion of madness as merely nerves, this term seems to indicate less an explanation as much as an excuse or denial of any deeper mental problem. As the narrator says in what is easily read as a flippant tone, â€Å"I never used to be so sensitive, I think it is due to this nervous condition,† and â€Å"of course it is only nervousness† that causes her actions to require a greater effort (235).Though her husband has told the narrator that her nervous case is not serious, she expresses a new dissatisfaction with this diagnoses; â€Å"these nervous troubles are dreadfully depressing† (236). This almost ironic but clearly critical representation of nervous disorders marks a break from Poe’s story, but even more importantly indicates the struggle Gilm an went through in her own life against the American medical industry’s changing view of mental illnesses.Though â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written to specifically address the Rest Cure, as Thrailkill suggests, the story helped shift the medical paradigm from looking at the patient’s body to listening to their words (Thrailkill 2003). The story is permeated with this desire to talk beyond the traditional psychiatric model: not only is the narrator forbidden to write, but her physician husband only sees her physical improvements of â€Å"flesh and color,† paternally dismissing any of her objections (240).To write, however, is the one thing the narrator consistently feels would make her well; it is a relief to â€Å"say what I feel and think†. Thrailkill offers a reading that Gilman’s narrator at first emulates Mitchell’s physiological approach in looking at the wallpaper, which then shifts to the articulation of a narrative surrou nding the woman in the paper, essentially equating the narrator to a medical text (Thrailkill 2003).We do not need to stretch so far however, as the story is already framed as a diary or journal, that is, it claims to be the expression of a person’s actual experience. Though the narrator has difficulty writing, she continues to write, honestly detailing the thoughts, feelings, and visions attending her mental breakdown in a manner that anticipates the 20th century psychological recognition that madness contains a truthful lucidity (Davison 2004).A mentally unstable person’s journal thus represents exactly the kind of â€Å"irrelevant story† that can cure, and which any sympathetic reader can understand as a valid psychological experience of someone who is no longer seen as socially other or â€Å"mad, bad, and dangerous. † Consequently, while Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† comes off as simply an entertaining story about some ste reotypical madmen, Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is ultimately a psychologically real portrayal of the subjective experience of someone going mad.